Paytm Online Tutorials

Not to be confused with Paym.

Paytm (an acronym for "pay through mobile") is an Indian multinational financial technology company, that specializes in digital payments and financial services, based in Noida, India. Paytm was founded in 2010 by Vijay Shekhar Sharma under One97 Communications. The company offers mobile payment services to consumers and enables merchants to receive payments through QR code payment, Soundbox, Android-based-payment terminal, and online payment gateway. In partnership with financial institutions, Paytm also offers financial services such as microcredit and buy now, pay later to its consumers and merchants.

Paytm
Company typePublic
Traded as
  • NSE: PAYTM
  • BSE: 543396
ISININE982J01020
Industry
  • Financial technology
  • E-commerce
FoundedAugust 2010; 14 years ago (2010-08) in New Delhi, India
FounderVijay Shekhar Sharma
Headquarters
Noida, Uttar Pradesh
,
India
Areas served
Worldwide
Key people
  • Vijay Shekhar Sharma (CEO)
Products
  • Paytm Insider
  • Paytm Payments Bank
  • Paytm Money
  • PayPay
  • Paytm Insurance
  • Paytm First Games
Services
  • Payment system
  • Mobile payments
RevenueIncrease ₹9,978 crore (US$1.2 billion) (FY24)
Operating income
Increase ₹559 crore (US$67 million) (FY24)
Net income
Decrease ₹−1,423 crore (US$−170 million) (FY24)
Owners
  • Vijay Shekhar Sharma (19.42%)
  • Saif Partners (15.41%)
  • Antfin Netherlands (9.89%)
ParentOne97 Communications
Websitepaytm.com

Apart from bill payments and money transfer, the company also provides ticketing services, retail brokerage products and online games.

Paytm's parent company One97 Communications was listed on the Indian stock exchanges on 18 November 2021 after an initial public offering, which was the largest in India at the time. For the fiscal year 2022–23, Paytm's gross merchandise value (GMV) was reported to be ₹13.2 lakh crore (US$160 billion).

History

edit

Early history; 2010-2019

edit

Paytm was founded in August 2010 with an initial investment of US$2 million by its founder Vijay Shekhar Sharma in Noida, Delhi NCR. It started off as a prepaid mobile and DTH recharge platform, and later added debit card, postpaid mobile and landline bill payments in 2013.

In October 2011 Sapphire Ventures (fka SAP Ventures) invested $10 million in One97 Communications Ltd. By January 2014, the company had launched the Paytm Wallet, which the Indian Railways and Uber added as a payment option. It launched into e-commerce with online deals and bus ticketing. In 2015, it added education fees, metro recharges, electricity, gas, and water bill payments. Paytm's registered user base grew from 1.18 crore in August 2014 to 10.4 crore in August 2015. Its travel business crossed $500 million in annualised GMV run rate, with 20 lakh tickets booked per month.

In March 2015 Paytm received its huge stake from Chinese e-commerce company Alibaba Group, after Ant Financial Services Group, an Alibaba Group affiliate, took 40% stock in Paytm as part of a strategic agreement. Soon after, it received backing from Ratan Tata, the MD of Tata Sons. In August 2016, Paytm raised funding from Mountain Capital, one of Taiwan-based MediaTek's investment funds at a valuation of over $5 billion. Also in 2016, it launched movies, events and amusement parks ticketing as well as flight ticket bookings and Paytm QR. Later that year, it launched rail bookings and gift cards. California-based PayPal filed a case against Paytm in the Indian trademark office for using a logo with a similar colour combination to its own on 18 November 2016.

In May 2017 Paytm received its biggest round of stake from a single investor – SoftBank, thus bringing the company's valuation to an estimated $10 billion. In August 2018, Berkshire Hathaway invested $356 million for 3%- 4% stake in Paytm, although Berkshire Hathaway confirmed that Warren Buffett was not involved in the transaction.

In 2017 Paytm became India's first payment app to cross over 10 crore app downloads. The same year, it launched Paytm Gold, a product that allowed users to buy as little as ₹1 of pure gold online. It also launched Paytm Payments Bank and ‘Inbox’, a messaging platform with in-chat payments. By 2018, it started allowing merchants to accept Paytm, UPI and card payments directly into their bank accounts at 0% charge. It also launched the ‘Paytm for Business’ app (now called Business with Paytm App), allowing merchants to track their payments and day-to-day settlements. Its merchant base to grow to more than 70 lakh by March 2018. It launched two new wealth management products - Paytm Gold Savings Plan and Gold Gifting for long-term savings. In January 2018, it entered into a joint venture with Alibaba Group-owned gaming company AGTech Holdings to launch Gamepind, a mobile gaming platform. It was rebranded as Paytm First Games in June 2019. In March 2018, Paytm Money was started with an investment of ₹9 crore for investment and wealth management.

In May 2018, the Indian investigative news agency Cobrapost released a video of an undercover reporter meeting with Paytm's vice president, Ajay Shekhar Sharma who is the brother of Vijay Shekhar Sharma. During the meeting, he reportedly said the company had provided the Government of India with the personal data of Paytm users in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, violating user's privacy and policies. Later, BuzzFeed reported that, Sharma has close ties with India's ruling party Bharatiya Janata Party.[49] Meanwhile, in response, the company tweeted that, it had never shared user's data with third parties, denied the contents in the video, and stated that it had never received requests from law enforcement on Twitter.[50][51] Paytm also stated that any person claiming otherwise "is not aware of the policy and is not authorised to speak on behalf of the company".[52][53]

In March 2019 the firm launched a subscription based loyalty program called Paytm First,[54] and in May 2019, it partnered with Citibank to launch Paytm First credit card[55][56] On 25 November 2019, Paytm raised $1 billion in a funding round led by US asset manager T Rowe Price along with existing investors Ant Financial and SoftBank Vision Fund.[57]

2020-present

edit

In July 2020, Tata Starbucks partnered with Paytm allowing its customers to order food online during the COVID-19 pandemic.[58]

On 18 September 2020, the firm's official app was briefly unlisted from the Google Play allegedly due to violations of the Play Store's gambling policy.[59][60] The company claimed that Google did not offer any prior warning or give the company an opportunity to explain its views on the contentious 'cashback' offers while claiming that Google's own payments app Google Pay offered similar 'cashback' offers and suffered no repercussions.[61][62]

In July 2021 One97 Communications filed a draft red herring prospectus with the Securities and Exchange Board of India to launch its initial public offering (IPO).[63][64] It launched its IPO in November 2021, raising ₹18,300 crore (US$2.2 billion) at a valuation of US$20 billion.[65] It was the largest ever IPO in India.[66] The shares began trading on 18 November 2021, opening at ₹1,950 on the NSE, 9.3% below the upper band of the IPO price range, and closed down more than 27% at ₹1,560,[67] making it the biggest drop on a listing day in Indian IPO history.[68]

In December 2021 Paytm launched Paytm Wealth Academy.[69] In March 2022, the Reserve Bank of India barred Paytm Payments Bank from signing up new customers after an inspection found that the company was leaking customer data to China-based entities which indirectly owned a stake in Paytm Payments Bank.[70]

On 31 January 2024, Reserve Bank of India, the banking regulator in India, ordered Paytm Payments Bank Ltd to stop the bulk of its activities from 29 February 2024. RBI found that the company did not conduct proper background checks on the source of funds before onboarding clients. This date was further extended to 15 March 2024 as per the updated FAQ.[71] It may lead to 20% work force cut down. [72]

Funding and shareholding

edit
 
A Paytm KYC point in Kolkata.

Post-IPO shareholding (as of April 2024):[73][74]

Shareholding
Vijay Shekhar Sharma 9.1%
Antfin (Netherlands) Holding B.V 9.88%
Resilient Asset Management B.V 10.28%
Saif lii Mauritius Company Ltd 10.82%

Acquisitions

edit

In 2013, Paytm acquired Plustxt for under $2 million; the platform allowed fast text messaging in Indian languages.[75]

In 2016, it acquired Delhi-based consumer behaviour prediction platform Shifu[76] and local services startup Near.in.[77] In July 2017, it acquired a majority stake in online ticketing and events platform Insider.in, from event management company Only Much Louder (OML).[78] In 2017, it acquired restaurant deals platform Little and hyperlocal e-commerce company nearbuy.com in 2017, and merged the two companies.[79]

Paytm acquired the startup Cube26 in January 2018.[80] In May 2018, Paytm acquired movie ticket booking platform TicketNew from Alibaba Group for around $40 million.[81] It acquired the hotel booking platform NightStay in 2019.[82]

In October 2021, Paytm acquired digital lending company CreditMate.[83]

Other investments

edit

Paytm invested $5 million in auto-rickshaw aggregator and hyperlocal delivery firm Jugnoo in 2015.[84] In 2016, it invested in logistics startups LogiNext and XpressBees.[85][86] In April 2017, Paytm invested in healthcare artificial intelligence (AI) startup QorQL.[87] It also invested in mobile loyalty program and analytics startup MobiQuest.[88]

International expansion

edit

Japan

edit
Main article: PayPay

Paytm established a joint venture with SoftBank and Yahoo! Japan, called PayPay Corporation, to offer services in the Japanese market. Paytm launched the PayPay app, a QR-based payment settlement service, in Japan on 22 October 2018.[89]

Canada

edit

Paytm Labs Inc. was established in Toronto, Ontario in 2014 as a research and development division.[90] It recently launched a fraud risk management platform called Pi for fintechs and digital marketplaces where transaction value is high.[91][92][93]

Paytm Insider

edit

Paytm Insider is a mobile app that helps to book tickets for Cricket matches, live entertainment shows and sports games online.[94][95]

Charity

edit

During the COVID-19 pandemic in India, Paytm contributed ₹10 to every single user who pays to the PM CARES Fund via their app; within ten days they had collected ₹100 crores in their app. Their 1,200 employees contributed 15 days or even a few months of their salaries to the fund.[96]

Through their platform, Paytm made 21,000 oxygen concentrators available for people in need,[97] and donated oxygen plants in 13 worst-hit cities to help hospitals get oxygen.[98]

In August 2022, Paytm Foundation partnered with the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to set up the Air Quality Action Forum (AQAF) to curb air pollution in India.[99]

See also

edit
  • PhonePe

References

edit
  1. ^ "Paytm's gaming platform Gamepind rebranded as FirstGames". Business Today.
  2. ^ a b c "Earnings Release - For quarter and year ending March 2024" (PDF). BSE. One97 Communications Limited. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  3. ^ "Adani Group among potential suitors Vijay Shekhar Sharma likely engaged with to buy stake in Paytm parent - CNBC TV18". CNBCTV18. 29 May 2024. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  4. ^ a b "Outcome of Board Meeting – Financial Results for the quarter and nine months ended 31 December 2021" (PDF). bseindia.
  5. ^ Ganguly, Payal. "Paytm promotes SVP Kiran Vasireddy to the position of COO". The Economic Times. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  6. ^ Modi, Ajay (9 January 2019). "Paytm Travel eyes top spot in online bus, flight ticket bookings". Business Standard India. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  7. ^ "Equity investing: Paytm Money app gaining traction". www.thehindubusinessline.com. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  8. ^ Bhalla, Tarush (20 May 2020). "Paytm First Games goes international, eyes expansion in South Asian market". mint. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  9. ^ "Paytm files for India's largest IPO, eyes $25 bn-$30 bn valuation". Business Standard.
  10. ^ "Paytm Q4: Fintech Giant Reports Revenue of ₹2,334 cr". HT Tech. 6 May 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  11. ^ Staff Writer (1 April 2021). "Paytm achieves over 1.4 bn transactions in Mar, leads digital payment services". Mint. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  12. ^ "Untangling Paytm". Business Today. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  13. ^ Dsouza, Sharleen (18 September 2020). "Flipkart, Paytm Now Among India's 10 Most Valuable Brands, HDFC Bank Still No. 1". BloombergQuint. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  14. ^ "The inspiring journey of Paytm Founder Vijay Shekhar Sharma". Paytm Blog. 11 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  15. ^ "SAP Ventures Invests $10M In One97 Communications". VCCircle. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  16. ^ "Paytm's big day: railway ticketing platform IRCTC adds Paytm wallet as a payment option". Techcircle. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  17. ^ "Paytm is now powering IRCTC's Payment Gateway". The Financial Express. 16 September 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  18. ^ Chaturvedi, Anumeha (24 August 2017). "Paytm bets on local travel boom, eyes 3-fold business growth". The Economic Times. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  19. ^ "Alibaba enters India's e-commerce space with 25% stake in Paytm owner One97". Paytm Blog. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  20. ^ Vardhan, Jai (13 March 2015). "Paytm secures funding from Ratan Tata, plans to have 100M wallet users by year end". Your Story.
  21. ^ ANI (31 August 2016). "Paytm receives investment from Mountain Capital". Business Standard India. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  22. ^ Reporter, B. S. (22 March 2016). "Paytm enters online movie ticketing". Business Standard India. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  23. ^ Sahay, Priyanka (14 October 2015). "Paytm launches QR code payment option for wallet app". livemint.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  24. ^ "Now You Can Book Train Tickets Using Paytm". NDTV Gadgets360.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  25. ^ Pani, Priyanka (16 December 2016). "Paytm has copied our logo: PayPal". @businessline.
  26. ^ Chanchani, Madhav; Variyar, Mugdha (19 May 2017). "Paytm raises $1.4 billion from Softbank, valuation jumps to over $8 billion". The Economic Times. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  27. ^ Choudhury, Saheli Roy (27 August 2018). "Berkshire Hathaway buys a stake in India's largest digital payments company". CNBC. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  28. ^ Hunnicutt, Trevor. "Berkshire Hathaway buys stake in India's Paytm". U.S. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  29. ^ Philipose, Mobis (29 August 2018). "Warren Buffett's Paytm bet is actually not that big a deal". LiveMint. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  30. ^ Staff (27 December 2017). "Paytm exceeds 100 million downloads on Google Play Store". BGR India. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  31. ^ "Buy, sell gold instantly on Paytm". @businessline. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  32. ^ "Arun Jaitley launches Paytm Payments Bank". @businessline. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  33. ^ "Paytm Payments Bank Officially Launched; CEO Outlines Growth Path". NDTV Gadgets360.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  34. ^ "Paytm launches 'Inbox' messaging platform with ability to send or request money and share multimedia messages". Tech2. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  35. ^ Paytm (4 December 2017). "Now, existing & new Merchants can accept Paytm, UPI & Card payments directly into their Bank…". Paytm Blog. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  36. ^ "Paytm QR now allows merchants to accept Paytm, UPI and Card payments directly into bank account at 0% charge | TMS News". TMS News. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  37. ^ www.ETtech.com (22 January 2018). "Paytm launches business app on Android for its merchants - ETtech". The Economic Times. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  38. ^ "Savings are now simpler — Introducing Gold Savings Plan & Gold Gifting". Paytm Blog. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  39. ^ "Paytm launches two new services under wealth management offering". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  40. ^ www.ETtech.com (29 January 2018). "Paytm, AGTech launch mobile gaming platform Gamepind - ETtech". The Economic Times. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  41. ^ www.ETtech.com. "Paytm rebrands its gaming platform Gamepind as FirstGames - ETtech". The Economic Times. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  42. ^ Choudhury, Karan (13 March 2018). "Paytm to launch mutual funds, insurance, banking services via payments bank". Business Standard India. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  43. ^ "We have set up Paytm Money to focus on Investment and Wealth Management". Paytm Blog. 10 January 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  44. ^ "Paytm Money gets ₹9 crore from parent One97". TimesOfIndia.
  45. ^ "Cobrapost Siting: Paytm Senior VP Claims PMO Demanded Data of Paytm Users". Malavika Balasubramanian. The Quint. 28 May 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  46. ^ "CobraPost Exposé: First Demonetisation Then Data Brokering; Should You Trust Paytm With Your Personal Data?". Aman Sethi. HuffPost. 29 May 2018. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  47. ^ "Did India's Paytm Share User Data With The Indian Government?". Abhisek Baxi. Android Authority. 28 May 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  48. ^ "Cobrapost Expose: Senior VP at Paytm Claims Firm Was Asked to Share User Data with PMO". The Wire. 29 May 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  49. ^ "India's Largest Digital Wallet Has Been Accused Of Handing Over User Data To The Government". Pranav Dixit. BuzzFeed. 26 May 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  50. ^ "We do not share user data with third-parties, government: Paytm". Times of India. 26 May 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  51. ^ "Paytm Accused Of Sharing User Data With Indian Government". PYMNTS. 28 May 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  52. ^ "We do not share user data with third-parties, govt: Paytm". The Hindu. 26 May 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  53. ^ "Paytm responds to Cobrapost siting, and claims that it never shares users data". Rashi Varshney. Medianama. 28 May 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  54. ^ "'Paytm First' Loyalty Programme Takes on Amazon Prime, Flipkart Plus". NDTV Gadgets 360. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  55. ^ "Paytm ties up with Citibank to launch credit cards". The Economic Times. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  56. ^ "Paytm Launches Credit Card That Offers Cashback, Works Internationally". NDTV Gadgets 360. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  57. ^ Shrivastava, Aditi (25 November 2019). "Paytm gets $1 billion topup in latest financing round". The Economic Times.
  58. ^ Tandon, Tarush Bhalla, Suneera (23 June 2020). "Starbucks and Paytm offer diners a contactless experience". Mint. Retrieved 23 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  59. ^ Paytm (18 September 2020). "Your Money is Safe with us — the Paytm App will be back on Google Play Store shortly". Medium. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  60. ^ Ishwar, Sai (18 September 2020). "Paytm returns hours after Play Store exit over alleged policy violation". Business Standard India. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  61. ^ Bhalla, Tarush (20 September 2020). "Paytm hits back at Google, terms its brief ban from Play Store as 'arm-twisting'". mint. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  62. ^ Paytm (20 September 2020). "The story behind Paytm App's de-listing from Google Play Store". Medium. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  63. ^ "Red herring, red flags: Top 10 takeaways from Paytm's draft IPO filing". The Economic Times. 16 July 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  64. ^ Nov 11, TIMESOFINDIA COM / (11 November 2021). "Paytm IPO oversubscribed nearly 2 times: FIIs flood issue, domestic mutual funds and HNIs show least interest - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 November 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  65. ^ Choudhury, Deepsekhar (28 October 2021). "Paytm pegs IPO at $20 bn valuation, CEO says 'life to become QSQT'". Business Standard India. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  66. ^ "Paytm's IPO ends oversubscribed 1.89 times after a bumpy start". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  67. ^ "Paytm shares make weak debut; tumble over 27 pc". Tribune. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  68. ^ Ranjan, Abhinav (22 November 2021). "Paytm, India's biggest IPO in corporate history, is also the biggest listing day loser". www.indiatvnews.com. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  69. ^ K.R.Srivats& (15 December 2021). "Paytm launches Paytm Wealth Academy". www.thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  70. ^ "Paytm Bank Punished for Sharing Data Abroad, Verification Lapses". Bloomberg. 14 March 2022 – via www.bloomberg.com.
  71. ^ "Reserve Bank of India - Frequently Asked Questions".
  72. ^ "Paytm Likely to Cut 20% Workforce as Part of Annual Performance Review". 14 March 2024.
  73. ^ "One 97 Communications Ltd". bseindia.com.
  74. ^ Nakhwa, Darshan A. (17 November 2021). "Paytm Listing: Shareholder Base, Top Investors, Locked-In Shares And More". BloombergQuint. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  75. ^ "One97 acquires cross-messaging platform Plustxt for under $2M". Techcircle. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  76. ^ "Paytm Acquires Personal Assistant App Shifu To Improve Its Artificial Intelligence Tech – TechCrunch". techcrunch.com. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  77. ^ Gooptu, Biswarup (7 December 2015). "Paytm acquires Near.in to strengthen its presence in online-to-offline space". The Economic Times. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  78. ^ Shankar, Shashwati. "Paytm acquires majority stake in online ticketing platform Insider.in for around Rs 35 cr". The Economic Times. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  79. ^ "Paytm acquires Nearbuy and Little, to merge both". Mint. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  80. ^ TNN (19 June 2018). "Paytm acquires Flipkart-backed startup Cube26". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  81. ^ Sahay, Priyanka (25 May 2018). "Paytm acquires Alibaba-backed TicketNew for around $40 million". Moneycontrol. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  82. ^ Ahuja, Aakanksha (29 January 2019). "Paytm forays into hotel booking with NightStay acquisition". mint. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  83. ^ "IPO-bound Paytm acquires lending startup CreditMate". The Economic Times. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  84. ^ Poovanna, Sharan (18 April 2016). "Jugnoo raises $10 million in funding round led by Paytm". livemint.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  85. ^ "Paytm invests $10 mn in logistics data start-up". Business Standard.
  86. ^ "Paytm to replicate Alibaba's logistics strategy with LogiNext". @businessline. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  87. ^ "Paytm Backs AI And Big Data Driven Healthtech Startup QorQL". Inc42 Media. 7 April 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  88. ^ "Paytm invests in loyalty program and analytics startup MobiQuest". Moneycontrol. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  89. ^ "Papay in Japan with Paytm's QR tech". Economic Times. 22 October 2018.
  90. ^ "About us". www.paytm.ca. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  91. ^ "Paytm Labs launches ML-powered fraud risk management platform". securitybrief.asia.

Latest online Paytm Tutorials with example so this page for both freshers and experienced candidate who want to get job in Paytm company

Latest online Paytm Tutorials for both freshers and experienced

advertisements

View Tutorials on Paytm View all questions

Ask your interview questions on Paytm

Write Your comment or Questions if you want the answers on Paytm from Paytm Experts
Name* :
Email Id* :
Mob no* :
Question
Or
Comment* :
 





Disclimer: PCDS.CO.IN not responsible for any content, information, data or any feature of website. If you are using this website then its your own responsibility to understand the content of the website

--------- Tutorials ---