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John Milton Biography of John Milton :

John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet, polemicist, and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost. He was a scholarly man of letters, a polemical writer, and an official serving under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval in England, and his poetry and prose reflect deep convictions and deal with contemporary issues. Along with English, Milton wrote in Latin and Italian.

Early life

John Milton was born on Bread Street, London as the son of the composer John Milton and his wife Sarah Jeffrey. The senior John Milton (1562–1647) moved to London around 1583 after being disinherited by his devout Catholic father, Richard Milton, for embracing Protestantism. In London, the senior John Milton married Sarah Jeffrey (1572–1637), the poet\'s mother, and found lasting financial success as a scrivener. The elder Milton was noted for his skill as a musical composer, and this talent left Milton with a lifetime appreciation for music and friendship with musicians such as Henry Lawes.

Milton\'s father\'s prosperity provided his eldest son with a private tutor, Thomas Young, and then a place at St Paul\'s School in London. There he began the study of Latin and Greek, and the classical languages left an imprint on his poetry in English. Milton matriculated at Christ\'s College, Cambridge, in 1625 and graduated with a B.A. in 1629, ranking fourth of 24 honours graduates that year in the University of Cambridge. Preparing to become an Anglican priest, he stayed on to obtain his Master of Arts degree on 3 July 1632. Upon receiving his M.A. in 1632, Milton retired to Hammersmith, his father\'s new home since the previous year.

He read both ancient and modern works of theology, philosophy, history, politics, literature and science, in preparation for a prospective poetical career. Milton\'s intellectual development can be charted via entries in his commonplace book (like a scrapbook), now in the British Library. As a result of such intensive study, Milton is considered to be among the most learned of all English poets. He had a command over Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, Spanish, and Italian languages along with archaic English.

Milton continued to write poetry during this period of study: his Arcades and Comus were both commissioned for masques composed for noble patrons, connections of the Egerton family, and performed in 1632 and 1634 respectively. Comus argues for the virtuousness of temperance and chastity.

Milton died of kidney failure on 8 November 1674 and was buried in the church of St Giles Cripplegate

Family life

Milton and Mary Powell (1625–1652) had four children:

• Anne (born 7 July 1646)

• Mary (born 25 October 1648)

• John (16 March 1651 – June 1652)

• Deborah (2 May 1652 – ?)

His first wife, Mary Powell, died on 5 May 1652 from complications following Deborah\'s birth. Milton\'s daughters survived to adulthood, but he had always a strained relationship with them.On 12 November 1656, Milton was married again, to Katherine Woodcock. She died on 3 February 1658, less than four months after giving birth to a daughter, Katherine, who also died. Milton married for a third time on 24 February 1662, to Elizabeth Mynshull (1638-1728), the niece of a wealthy apothecary and philanthropist in Manchester. Despite a 31-year age gap, the marriage seemed happy. Two nephews, John Phillips and Edward Phillips, were well known as writers as well. They were sons of Milton\'s sister Anne. John acted as a secretary, and Edward was Milton\'s first biographer.

Published poetry

His first published poem was On Shakespear (1630), anonymously included in the Second Folio edition of Shakespeare. In the midst of the excitement attending the possibility of establishing a new English government, Milton collected his work in 1645 Poems. The anonymous edition of Comus was published in 1637, and the publication of Lycidas in 1638 in Justa Edouardo King Naufrago was signed J. M. Otherwise the 1645 collection was the only poetry of his to see print, until Paradise Lost appeared in 1667.

Milton’s magnum opus, the blank-verse epic poem Paradise Lost, was composed by the blind and impoverished Milton from 1658 to 1664 through dictation given to a series of aides in his employ. It reflects his personal despair at the failure of the Revolution, yet affirms an ultimate optimism in human potential. Milton encoded many references to his unyielding support for the "Good Old Cause".

The poem concerns the Christian story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton\'s purpose, stated in Book I, is to "justify the ways of God to men" and elucidate the conflict between God\'s eternal foresight and free will.

Milton followed up Paradise Lost with its sequel, Paradise Regained, published alongside the tragedy Samson Agonistes, in 1671. Both these works also resonate with Milton’s post-Restoration political situation. Just before his death in 1674, Milton supervised a second edition of Paradise Lost.

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